With duplexes or aliquot scales, which was patented in 1872 by Theodore Steinway, the contrary components of string vibrations are controlled by tuning their secondary parts in octave relationships with the sounding lengths. Similar systems developed by Blüthner (1872), as well as Taskin (1788), and http://www.readingkeyboardmusic.com/ Collard (1821) devoted and distinctly ringing undamped vibrations to modify tone.

• The tall, vertically strung upright grand was arranged like a admirable set on end, with the soundboard and bridges above the keys, and tuning pins below them

• The appellation was later revived by abounding manufacturers for advertising purposes